














                              ORACLE7 (tm) Server
                             Administrator's Guide
                           






                           Part Number 6694-70-1292
                                 December 1992

































        ORACLE (R)
        ----------------------------------------------------------
        Cooperative Server Technology for Transparent Data Sharing


















ORACLE7 Server Administrator's Guide

Part Number 6694-70-1292
December, 1992

Contributing Authors: Steven Bobrowski, Eric Armstrong, Cynthia Gloskey,
Brian Linden

Contributors: Richard Allen, Dave Anderson, Lori Asher, Andre Bakker,
Bill Bridge, Atif Chaudry, Gray Clossman, Jeff Cohen, Dave Ensor,
Stephan Faris, John Frazzini, Gloria Gatlin, Anurag Gupta, Gary
Hallmark, Chris Harmon, Michael Hartstein, Terry Hayes, Brian Hirano,
Ken Jacobs, Sandeep Jain, Robert Jenkins, Jr., Kevin Jernigan, Derry
Kabcenell, Michael Kennedy, Jonathan Klein, R. Kleinro, Robert Kooi,
Andy Laursen, Lefty Leverenz, Walter Lindsay, Juan Loaisa, Brom Mahbod,
William Maimone, Andrew Mendelsohn, Mark Moore, Edward Peeler, Mark
Porter, Maria Pratt, Tuomas Pystynen, Brian Quigley, Patrick Ritto,
Mark Sinykin, Gordon Smith, Leng Leng Tan, Mustafa Vahanvaty, Joyo
Wijaya, Beth Winslow, Kevin Wharton


Copyright (c) 1992 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Printed in Ireland

Oracle Corporation, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, CA 94065.

ORACLE, Oracle*Mail, SQL*DBA, SQL*Forms, SQL*Loader, SQL*Net, SQL*Plus,
and SQL*ReportWriter are registered trademarks of Oracle Corporation.

ORACLE7, Oracle*Mail, ORACLE Parallel Server, and PL/SQL are
trademarks of Oracle Corporation.

All trade names referenced are the service mark, trademark, or regisered
trademark of the respective manufacturer.




















        ----------------------------------------------------------------

        


            ,         ORACLE,
            .

                    ORACLE7 
           .    
            ( ORACLE),     
          (),   :

            *   

            *   

            *    

         -           
        ,        .









































                                                            i


----------------



              ,      
              ORACLE.    ,   
            (),     
                       ORACLE   
          .    
            1.


 

                 
          .                   
         ,      ORACLE.

            ,       
               ORACLE7   Server  Concepts   Manual,
        "    ORACLE".     
                      ,
             .


,    

                     
           ORACLE    
           ORACLE       (,   
         6   ORACLE7).       
           ; ,     
        -    ,          
         ORACLE     ,  
          ,          
          (),       ORACLE7 Server
        Migration Guide.


,     

           ,         ORACLE    
              
              .     
              ORACLE7 Server  Application
        Developer's  Guide,           
        ,       ORACLE.
















ii   


----------------

   

             ,   .


 I:    

         1:    ORACLE
                   
                  
        ORACLE,           
          .

         2:   
                  
          .  (  ,    ,
            .)

         3:   
          ,     
          ORACLE.       ,     
         .

 II:   ORACLE

         4:   ORACLE
            ,     , 
          ORACLE,            
         ,   ORACLE.

         5:   
             ,          
        ,           
           .

         6:   
           ,   , ,   
             .


 III:   

         7:      
          ,        
          ORACLE          
         .          
              ,       
                  
        .

         8:   
               ,  
          (,  ,    
        ,          ).    
                       
                ORACLE.       ,  
        ,          ,      
              .



                                                          iii


         9:   
          ,  ,     
              ,           
         .


 IV:   

         10:   
          ,      , 
         ,   ORACLE.

         11:    
            ,        ORACLE 
            .

         12:    
               .

         13:   
          ,       ,
          ,   ORACLE.


 V:      

         14:   -
              ORACLE  
          .

         15:    
                ,           
          ,    ,
                     
         .

         16:   
          ,      
           ,     .


 VI:     

         17:   
          ,       
          ,     .

         18:    
            ,          ORACLE   
         .

         19:   
            ,         
        ,     .









iv   


 VII:     

         20:   
                  .  
        ,         ,       
         ,    ,    
         .

         21:   
                  
        ORACLE    .          
         SQL  PL/SQL,    .

         22:  -
            ,         -,
              .       
        ,      ,   
                      ,   ORACLE
          .

         23:  
              ,    , 
                  .   
          ,      
            .

         24:   
                     ORACLE,
            ,          ,
            .




         A:   
                        
              ,      
                
         ORACLE.

         B:    
                  
          ORACLE.

         C:   
             ,       ORACLE   
             , 
         .

         D:   
                 
           ,         
            .

         E:   
                  ,
           ,    
        .





                                                            v


----------------

   

                  1 
        ORACLE7 Server Concepts  Manual, "    
        ORACLE".                 ORACLE
                   
        .    ORACLE7 Server Concepts  Manual,
            ORACLE   .





















































vi   


----------------

,    

  SQL*DBA
--------------------------

                  
              SQL*DBA,   -          
            .        
            .     
              .    
          SQL*DBA      ORACLE7 Server
        Utilities User's Guide.


 
-----------------------

[!]         ,   
        ,    ,     
             .









































                                                          vii


----------------

 

          -     ,   
          ORACLE.

                         
              ,    
         Oracle.       ,   
                     
              ,     ,   
         .         
         .

                                                  Part No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[Concepts]   ORACLE7 Server Concepts Manual                      6693-70
               

[AppDev]     ORACLE7 Server Application Developer's Manual       6695-70
               

[Migrate]    ORACLE7 Server Migration Guide                      6617-70
                   

[IUG]        ORACLE for SCO UNIX Installation and User's Guide  A11796-1
                (  )

[SQL]        ORACLE7 Server SQL Language Reference Manual         778-70
                SQL
[PL/SQL]     PL/SQL User's Guide and Reference                    800-20
                  PL/SQL

[OCI]        ORACLE Call Interfaces Programmer's Guide           5411-70
                 ORACLE

[Utilities]  ORACLE7 Server Utilities User's Guide               3602-70
              SQL*DBA, Export, Import, SQL*Loader























viii   


[Parallel]   ORACLE7 Parallel Server Administrator's Guide       5990-70
                ORACLE

[Trusted]    Trusted ORACLE7 Server Administrator's Guide        6610-70
                

[Message]    ORACLE7 Server Messages and Codes Manual            3605-70
                   ORACLE

[SQL*Net]    SQL*Net V2 Administrator's Guide                    6545-70
             Multiprotocol Interchange Administrator's Guide     6544-10
             Oracle Network Products Messages Manual             6543-00
                SQL*Net  2



          Oracle       ,     
        README.DOC.            
        .         
           Oracle,       (  
        )       .           
              ,   
           .     ,     
        ,      .



----------------

  

            Oracle      .    
                   -  
          ,    .    
         ,     , 
         ,            
          Oracle.      ,          
        (415)506-7000,     :

                ORACLE7 Server Documentation Manager
                Oracle Corporation
                500 Oracle Parkway
                Redwood Shores, CA 94065

                FAX: (415)506-7200


















                                                           ix

































































x   




        ----------------------------------------------------------------

        


 I:           


 1:     ORACLE.................. 1-1

           ...................................... 1-2

              ..................... 1-2

               ............. 1-3

               .......................... 1-3

                ......................... 1-3

              .................... 1-3

                 ............. 1-3

               INTERNAL...................... 1-4

                 INTERNAL................ 1-4

              INTERNAL   ............... 1-4

               INTERNAL: OSOPER  OSDBA............ 1-5

             DBA........................................... 1-5

              .................................. 1-6

              SYS.............................................. 1-6

              SYSTEM........................................... 1-6

           .......................................... 1-7

            SQL*DBA............................................ 1-7

            SQL*Loader......................................... 1-7

               ......................... 1-7














                                                            xi


            ........................ 1-8

               ORACLE........ 1-8

                ............ 1-8

              ........................... 1-9

                .................... 1-10

               ..................... 1-10

               .................. 1-10

              ..................... 1-10

               ........... 1-11

             

            ORACLE............................................. 1-11

             ....................................... 1-11

              ........................ 1-11

              .............................. 1-11

             ................................ 1-11

              ........................... 1-12

                ORACLE..... 1-12

                ............ 1-12


 2:    ................................. 2-1

              .................... 2-2

             ............................ 2-3

              .............................. 2-3

                ................. 2-3

             ORACLE.......................... 2-4

             1:    ......... 2-4
             2:   .................. 2-4
             3:    ...... 2-5

              DB_NAME  DB_DOMAIN.............................. 2-5

              CONTROL_FILES.................................... 2-5

              DB_BLOCK_SIZE.................................... 2-6

              DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS................................. 2-7

              PROCESSES........................................ 2-7

xii   


              ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS................................ 2-7

              LICENSE_MAX_SESSIONS, LICENSE_SESSION_WARNING
                 LICENSE_MAX_USERS............................ 2-8

             4:   ........... 2-9

             5:  SQL*DBA    
              INTERNAL......................................... 2-9

             6:  ............................ 2-9

             7:   ........................ 2-9

             8:   ..................... 2-11

                .................. 2-11

               ......................... 2-11

             ...................... 2-12

              ..................... 2-12

                  .............. 2-12

             -......................... 2-12

            .............................. 2-13

              ...... 2-16


 3:    ..................................... 3-1

            .............................. 3-2

               ..................... 3-2

               SQL*DBA    INTERNAL........ 3-2
                 ........................ 3-2
                ......................... 3-3

                 ...... 3-3

                 ........ 3-3

             ,    
              ........................................... 3-4

                  ...... 3-4

              ..................... 3-4

                 ....... 3-5

                 ...... 3-5

              .......................... 3-5

                   
                 ........................... 3-5

                                                          xiii


                ....................... 3-6

                 ............ 3-6

                Start Up Instance................ 3-6

               STARTUP.................................. 3-6

              ............................... 3-7

                ................. 3-7

                   ... 3-7

             .................... 3-7

               ................ 3-7

               Mount Database.............................. 3-8

               ...................... 3-9

                 ......... 3-9

            .................................. 3-10

               INTERNAL....................... 3-10

                 ... 3-10

               .................... 3-11

             ................................... 3-11

               ....................... 3-12

               Shut Down................................... 3-12

               SHUTDOWN................................. 3-13

            ...................... 3-13

              ............................ 3-13

               .................... 3-14

              ....................... 3-14

                
              ....................................... 3-14

              ................... 3-14











xiv   


 II:         ORACLE


 4:    ORACLE......................... 4-1

              .... 4-2
              ........................... 4-2

           ORACLE    ......... 4-2
           ORACLE   ............ 4-3

                
              ............................................. 4-3

                
              (MTS_LISTENER_ADDRESS)........................... 4-3

                 (MTS_SERVICE)... 4-4

               ............. 4-4

               .......... 4-5

                
              ........................................ 4-6

                
              ........................................ 4-6

                
              ........................................ 4-6

              ,    
                  ..................... 4-7

                ...... 4-7

              ,    
                 ........................ 4-9

                ........... 4-9

            ORACLE......................... 4-9

               ORACLE.............. 4-9

               ................... 4-9

              
              ............................... 4-10

               ORACLE 
               ............................. 4-10

             ,  ALERT   ... 4-11

                ................. 4-12

                 
                .................................... 4-12

                 .......... 4-12

                                                            xv


                   .... 4-12

               .................. 4-13

           ........................................ 4-13


 5:    ....................... 5-1

              .......... 5-2

              ..................... 5-2

                ..... 5-2

                
              .......................................... 5-2

                .............. 5-3

             ................... 5-4

            ,     
              .......................................... 5-5

             .................. 5-6

              
            ............................................ 5-7

            ,    
               .............................. 5-9

             ................... 5-9

            ,    
               .............................. 5-10

             .................. 5-11

            ,    
               .............................. 5-12

              
            ............................................ 5-13

                 . 5-13

              LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL.......................... 5-13
              LOG_CHECKPOINT_TIMEOUT........................... 5-14

              .................. 5-14

              ,   
                 ........................... 5-15

               ............. 5-15

              ,   
                 .............................. 5-15

              ............... 5-16

xvi   


 6:    ...................... 6-1

              ......... 6-2

              ........................... 6-2
                 .... 6-2
               ............. 6-3
              .......................... 6-3

            .......................... 6-3
               .............. 6-3

                ,
                  .. 6-4

               ................. 6-4

                  ............ 6-6
                  CREATE CONTROLFILE..... 6-6

            .......................... 6-7


 III:        


 7:       ............ 7-1

              
             ..................................... 7-2

               .. 7-2

              ................................ 7-2

               ................... 7-3

                
              ............................... 7-4

                  . 7-4

                
              ...................................... 7-4

                 7-5

              
             ...................................... 7-5

             ........ 7-5
            ,    
              ...................................... 7-7

               ... 7-7
            ,     
               .......................... 7-8

              
            ........................................ 7-8
            ,    
                 ................. 7-9

                                                          xvii


             ........ 7-9

                ............. 7-9
              ,    
                  ........................... 7-10

              ............... 7-10
            ,    
                ............................. 7-11

                .............. 7-12

                    
              ARCHIVELOG....................................... 7-12

                  
              NOARCHIVELOG..................................... 7-12

            ,      
                ................................ 7-13

              ........... 7-13

                 
                ................... 7-13
              ,    
                    ...... 7-14

                 
                ................. 7-14
              ,    
                    .... 7-15

               .................... 7-15

               ....... 7-17

            ,    
              ...................................... 7-18

               
               .................................... 7-19


 8:    ........................... 8-1

              ............... 8-2

                 . 8-2

               PCTFREE......................... 8-2
               PCTUSED......................... 8-3
                 PCTUSED  PCTFREE....... 8-4
                 PCTFREE  PCTUSED........ 8-4

              ........................ 8-5

               INITRANS  MAXTRANS.................... 8-8

                 ......... 8-9

                   . 8-9

xviii   


                    8-9

                 ............. 8-10

                 ............ 8-10

                ......................... 8-10

                  .. 8-11

                ........................... 8-11

                NUMBER................................ 8-12

                DATE.................................. 8-12

                LONG.................................. 8-12

                RAW  LONG RAW....................... 8-12

              ROWID'    ROWID....................... 8-12

                MLSLABEL.............................. 8-13

                 ORACLE............ 8-14

           ................................. 8-15
               ................... 8-15

               ,    .... 8-15

              ,     
                ......................................... 8-15

                 .......... 8-15

                 ......... 8-15

                   
                ......................................... 8-16

                  ............ 8-17

                ........ 8-17

               1:     .... 8-18
               2:      
                ......................................... 8-19
               3:      
                ......................................... 8-19
               4:     ..... 8-21
               5:      
                ......................................... 8-22
               6:     , 
                 .................................... 8-22

                  ........ 8-22

             .................................... 8-22
              ,    ........ 8-23

             ................................... 8-23

                                                           xix


              ,    ....... 8-25

                ........... 8-25

             .................................... 8-25

              ,    ........ 8-25

           .................................. 8-26

             ................................... 8-26

                  
                 ................................ 8-27

                 ...................... 8-27

              ,    ....... 8-27

             ..................................... 8-28

              ,    .......... 8-29

             ................................... 8-29

              ,    ........ 8-29

           ...................... 8-29

             ....................... 8-29

              ,   
                ............................ 8-30

             ...................... 8-30

              ,   
                ............................ 8-30

             ,  
              ............................... 8-30

             ....................... 8-31
              ,   
                ............................ 8-31

           ................................ 8-31

             ................................. 8-31
              ,    ..... 8-31

             ................................. 8-31
              ,    ..... 8-32

           ................................. 8-32

               ................... 8-32
                   
                ........................................ 8-32
                  ........ 8-33
                  .......... 8-33
                  ... 8-33

xx   


                  . 8-33

                  
                ........................................ 8-34

                   
                ......................................... 8-34

                  
                 .......................... 8-35

               ......................... 8-35

               1:     .... 8-35
               2:      
                ......................................... 8-36
               3:      
                 ............................... 8-36
               4:     
                ........................................ 8-36
               5:     , 
                 .................................... 8-37

               ,    . 8-38

             .................................. 8-38

               ,    8-38

                ........................... 8-39

              ,    ...... 8-39

             .................................. 8-39

              ,    ...... 8-40

               ........ 8-40

             .................................. 8-40

               ,   
                .................................... 8-41
                 ................. 8-41
              ,    ....... 8-41

           ,   
             ................................ 8-41

               .................. 8-41

                  ........ 8-41

                   .. 8-42

                  
                .......................................... 8-42

               ,   
                 ................................. 8-42

                 ... 8-43

                                                           xxi


                   
                ......................................... 8-43

               ........................ 8-43

               1:     .... 8-44
               2:      
                ......................................... 8-45
               3:      
                   ........................ 8-45
               4:      
                 .......................... 8-46
               5:     ... 8-47
               6:    , 
                 ................................... 8-48

                  
                ....................................... 8-49

             ,   
               ............................... 8-49
              ,    ,
                    .... 8-51

             ................................ 8-51
              ,    ..... 8-52

                
              ......................................... 8-52

                .......... 8-52

             ,   
               ............................... 8-52
              ,    ...... 8-54

           -   ............. 8-54

              ..................... 8-54

               -.................... 8-55

             -   ... 8-56

                  -.. 8-57

             -............................ 8-60

             -............................. 8-60

              ............ 8-60

                  
              ......................................... 8-60
              ,    
                 ................................. 8-61

              ...................... 8-61

              ,    . 8-62

             ,   ................ 8-62

xxii   


                 ,
                ............................. 8-62

              ,    8-66

                 .......... 8-66

            ,    , 
               ...................................... 8-67

             .......................... 8-67

              ,   
                ............................. 8-68

             ..................... 8-69

             ............................... 8-69

             ................................ 8-69

            ,     
              ........................................ 8-70

            ................. 8-70

             ,  
              .................................... 8-71

                 
               ................................... 8-71

                
              ...................................... 8-72

              ................... 8-73

              ....................... 8-73

            .................... 8-75

              ...................... 8-77

                ........... 8-77

              ...................... 8-77

              .................... 8-77

             ................. 8-78

               ....... 8-79

               ......................... 8-79

            ,     .. 8-81

              ................... 8-81





                                                         xxiii


 9:    ......................... 9-1

              ........... 9-2

               .......... 9-2

                   
                SYSTEM......................................... 9-2

                  . 9-3

                
               ........................ 9-3

                ...... 9-3

                .. 9-5

                 
               .................................. 9-5

                ...... 9-6

            ............................ 9-7

            ,      9-8

                 ............ 9-8

               .. 9-8

                 
              ........................................... 9-8

                ........ 9-9

              ,    
                ......................................... 9-10

                ........... 9-10

                .................. 9-10

                .................. 9-12

                 ......... 9-13

                   ... 9-13

            ,    
               ................................. 9-13

              .......... 9-14
            ,    
               .................................. 9-14

            ............................ 9-15
            ,      9-16

              ........... 9-16

                ................ 9-16

xxiv   


 IV:         


 10:   ......................... 10-1

           ................................. 10-2

            .............................. 10-2

               .............. 10-2

             ........................ 10-2

              ........................ 10-3

            ............................... 10-3

            ........................ 10-4

              ......................... 10-4

               ................................... 10-4

               .......................... 10-4

              ...................... 10-4

                  
                  ........................ 10-4

             ............................. 10-6

                 SYS  SYSTEM............... 10-6

                 INTERNAL................... 10-6

                  
                ................................ 10-7

              .................... 10-8

                  .......... 10-8

               :  
                  ................... 10-8

                 .......... 10-8

                   ... 10-9

                  .. 10-10

              ................... 10-10

           ................................... 10-10








                                                           xxv


 11:    ................ 11-1

           ............................ 11-2

                 ..... 11-2

                 ................... 11-2
                  ....... 11-4
                    11-5

             ........................ 11-6

                  ..... 11-6

                 ............. 11-7

             ............................. 11-7

               ............................... 11-8

                .......... 11-9

                 . 11-9

                 .... 11-10

                 ............ 11-10

                .................... 11-11

              ,    . 11-11

             ............................ 11-11

               -  ....... 11-12

                 ....... 11-13

              ,     11-14

             ............................. 11-14

              ,    . 11-15

             ................... 11-16

             .................................. 11-16

              ,    ....... 11-17

              ................ 11-17

             ................................ 11-17

             ................................. 11-17

              ,    ...... 11-18

              .................... 11-18

              ,    
                ....................................... 11-20

xxvi   


             .................................. 11-20
              ,    ....... 11-21

                ........... 11-21

                   
                ....................................... 11-21
                   
                  ........................... 11-22
              ,     
                 .............................. 11-22

               .......... 11-22
            ............................................ 11-23


 12:    ..................... 12-1

            ................................. 12-2

             ............................... 12-2

             ............................... 12-8

                INSERT  ........ 12-8

              ,   ...... 12-9

                 ....... 12-9

           .................................... 12-10

             ..................................... 12-10

                   .... 12-10

               ................................. 12-11

                ............. 12-12

              ,    ......... 12-12

               .................. 12-12

              ,    
                .......................................... 12-13

               .......... 12-13

               MAX_ENABLED_ROLES....................... 12-13

             ..................................... 12-14
              ,    ......... 12-14

               ................ 12-15

                ............ 12-15

               ADMIN...................................... 12-15

              ,    
                  ........................... 12-16

                                                         xxvii


              .................... 12-16

               GRANT OPTION............................... 12-17

              ,    
                ..................................... 12-17

                ................. 12-17

              ,    
                  ............................. 12-18

              ......................... 12-18

                  
                ....................................... 12-19

                 REFERENCES............ 12-19

              ,    
                ..................................... 12-19

               ................ 12-19
               ............................. 12-20
               ............................. 12-20

                   
              PUBLIC........................................... 12-21

                 ?............ 12-21

              .......... 12-22

               
              ......................................... 12-22
                  OS_ROLES = TRUE.. 12-23
                 
              OS_ROLES = TRUE.................................. 12-24

              .............. 12-24

               ............... 12-25

            ............................................ 12-25


 13:   ................................. 13-1

             .................... 13-2

                 ... 13-2

                13-2

                ............. 13-3

                ................. 13-3

                
            ............................................. 13-4

               .............. 13-4

xxviii   


               .............. 13-5

            ............................ 13-5

              ........................ 13-5

                  ........ 13-7

                 ............... 13-7

                 ....... 13-8

              ......................... 13-8

              ........................... 13-9

                  
                ....................................... 13-10

              .......................... 13-10

                  ..... 13-11

                ..................... 13-11

              ......................... 13-12

                  .... 13-12

                .................... 13-13

               ......... 13-14

               . 13-14

                  13-15

               ............ 13-16

            .......................... 13-17

               .... 13-17

               ............. 13-20



















                                                          xxix


 V:             


 14:   -............... 14-1

              ........... 14-2

              ..... 14-2

              ORACLE............. 14-3


 15:    ............. 15-1

              
             ......................................... 15-2

             .......................... 15-2

                ............ 15-2

                   
              ........................................... 15-2

            ,   ....................... 15-2

                 
              ........................................... 15-3

               
                ....................... 15-3

              ............ 15-3

                ................ 15-3

                ............. 15-4

                ............ 15-5

              ................... 15-6

                ................... 15-6

             ........................ 15-7

                .................. 15-7
               ......................... 15-7
            ,       15-9

             ,  
               RECO................................... 15-9

               ......................... 15-9
              ,     
                ......................................... 15-10

                .................. 15-10

                 ....... 15-10

            .............. 15-11

xxx   


                .. 15-11

                ... 15-12

                  15-12

                 .............. 15-12

                 ............. 15-13

                 ............ 15-13

               .. 15-14

               .. 15-15

             ......... 15-15

            ,   ......... 15-15

            ,    .............. 15-16

               .......... 15-17

                 ............. 15-19

                 ..... 15-25

                 ............. 15-26

              ,    
                 ..................................... 15-26

               ............. 15-27

               ........ 15-27

               
              ....................................... 15-27

                 ...... 15-27

               RECO........................ 15-28




















                                                          xxxi


 16:   ........................... 16-1

           ................................ 16-2

               ...................... 16-2

             ................................... 16-2

               ............................... 16-3

                ................ 16-3

              ,    ....... 16-3

                 ........... 16-4

                .......... 16-4

              ,    ...... 16-5

             .................................. 16-5

                ........ 16-5

                ......................... 16-7

                  ........ 16-8

               ................. 16-9

             ............................. 16-9

               ,  .. 16-9

               ............................. 16-10

             ................................... 16-10

              ,    ....... 16-10

            ......................... 16-10

                  . 16-10

              ........................... 16-11

                ...................... 16-12

                 ............ 16-12

              ,    
                ........................................ 16-12

                 .... 16-13
                   .. 16-13

                ... 16-13

                  
                ........................................ 16-15

              .......................... 16-15

xxxii   


              ,    
                ........................................ 16-16

               
             ........................................ 16-16


 VI:           


 17:   .................. 17-1

             NOARCHIVELOG  ARCHIVELOG....... 17-2

             ................. 17-3

               .......... 17-3

                 
              ........................................... 17-3

              ............ 17-4

                 
                 ............................. 17-5

                 
                 .............................. 17-5

              ........... 17-6

                 
                 ............................. 17-6

                 
                 .............................. 17-6

              ................... 17-6

              ,    
                 ................................. 17-8

           .............................. 17-8

                .. 17-8

              .................. 17-9

              ........... 17-9

            ,    
              .................................... 17-10

                ..17-10









                                                        xxxiii


 18:    .................... 18-1

              .............. 18-2

                . 18-2

                .... 18-2

               
              .......................................... 18-2

                ....... 18-2

                
              ..................................... 18-3

              ............................ 18-3

               ................... 18-3

               ............. 18-4

            ...................... 18-4

                NOARCHIVELOG........ 18-5

                ARCHIVELOG.......... 18-5

           ......................................... 18-6

                 ........ 18-6

               ..................... 18-7

                 ................. 18-7

                ......................... 18-8

             .............................. 18-8

                 ..... 18-9

                 ..... 18-13

              ..................... 18-15

                  
                .................................... 18-15

              ,    
                .......................................... 18-17

               
            ........................................ 18-17

            Export  Import  
              ................................. 18-17

             ............................. 18-17
               .......................... 18-18
               ............................. 18-18


xxxiv   


               ................................... 18-18

             .............................. 18-18


 19:   ........................... 19-1

                
            ........................................... 19-2

                .... 19-2

            ,     ...... 19-2

                   .. 19-3

              ........ 19-3

                 
                ......................................... 19-4

                  ............ 19-5

            ................... 19-5

            ,     
              ......................................... 19-5

              ,    .......... 19-6

               ,   . 19-6

                ................... 19-6

                 ........... 19-8

                  .. 19-8

                ................... 19-9

                 ............. 19-12

                ............... 19-16

              ........................... 19-16

              ..................... 19-17

                  ... 19-18

                 
                    ............ 19-20

              .................. 19-22

                 ,  
                    .................. 19-23

               
            ..................................... 19-27

              ................................ 19-27

                                                          xxxv


              ............................... 19-28

                ,  NOARCHIVELOG......... 19-28

                ,  ARCHIVELOG........... 19-28

                ....... 19-29

                  ..... 19-29

                   
                ..................................... 19-30

                .......... 19-34

              .......................... 19-34

                  ................ 19-35

                 ................... 19-35

               .............. 19-36


 VII:          


 20:   ......................... 20-1

            ......................... 20-2

            .............................. 20-2

             ,   ...................... 20-3

             :   ......... 20-3

             :  -................. 20-3

             :  ................ 20-3

              .......................... 20-4

             ......................... 20-4



















xxxvi   


 21:   ....................... 21-1

            ........................ 21-2

              ............... 21-3

               ............... 21-3

               SQL  PL/SQL............. 21-3

              ........................ 21-3

              ........................... 21-3

             ................. 21-4

                ........... 21-4

                (SGA)......... 21-5

              ................. 21-5

             SQL  PL/SQL............... 21-6

               ............. 21-6

               ................ 21-6

            .......................... 21-8

              ....................... 21-8

                 ....... 21-8

                  .......... 21-10

                   SQL 
                 ............................. 21-13

               ...................... 21-14

                  ...... 21-14

                   ........ 21-15

                
              .......................................... 21-15
               V$SESSTAT................................ 21-16
                V$SESSTAT.................... 21-16
                V$SESSTAT.................. 21-16

            ............................. 21-17

               ............. 21-17

                ................ 21-18

               X$KCBRBH................................. 21-18

                    X$KCBRBH............... 21-18

                  X$KCBRBH......................... 21-19

                                                        xxxvii


                    X$KCBRBH......... 21-19

                ........................ 21-21

                 X$KCBCBH............................... 21-21

                    X$KCBCBH............... 21-21

                  X$KCBCBH......................... 21-22

                    X$KCBCBH......... 21-22

           ............................. 21-24


 22:  -............................... 22-1

            -...................... 22-2

             ..................... 22-2

                ?................... 22-2

              ...................... 22-2

                 ORACLE............. 22-3

                  
                ........................................ 22-3

             -......................... 22-4

                   
                ..................................... 22-4

                 ..................... 22-6

                 .............. 22-6

              ................. 22-7

               .................... 22-7

             .......... 22-9

              ............... 22-9

             ............................ 22-10

                
               ................................. 22-11

                ............................. 22-11

                ........................... 22-11

                ..................... 22-12






xxxviii   


 23:  .............................. 23-1

              .......... 23-2

                ..... 23-2

              .......................... 23-3

              
            ............................................ 23-4

                . 23-4

                 
                ....................................... 23-4

                ............... 23-6

                
              ......................................... 23-7

                 
                 ............................. 23-7

                 ....... 23-8

               
            ......................................... 23-9

                ................. 23-9

               .................... 23-10
               .............................. 23-10
               ................................ 23-10

               ......... 23-11

               .................. 23-13

                  .. 23-13
                  .... 23-13

             ORACLE  .. 23-14


 24:   ..................... 24-1

           ................................. 24-2

                ....... 24-2

                ................. 24-2

                 ............ 24-2

                 ......... 24-3

                 ........... 24-3

             .............................. 24-4
               NOSORT..................................... 24-4
                 NOSORT.................. 24-4

                                                         xxxix


              ......... 24-5

                .... 24-5

              ....................... 24-6

            .......................... 24-6

                 . 24-6

                ........ 24-6

               .................... 24-6

               .................... 24-7

                
              ............................... 24-7


 VIII:     


 A:   ................... A-1

              ......... A-2

              ...................... A-3

               .................. A-3

             .................................. A-4

               ............................. A-4

                 (  GC)... A-5

              ,    ..... A-5

               ............................ A-5

              .................. A-5

              ................. A-6

            .................... A-7

           .................................. A-8















xl   


 B:    ..................... B-1

             SQL  ................ B-2

             ................................ B-2

              ............................. B-2

             ................................... B-3

             .............................. B-4

             ................................... B-4

            ................................ B-5

            .............. B-72

                .. B-73

                  .......... B-73

                  ...... B-73

              ..................... B-73


 C:   .................... C-1

            .................... C-2

              ..................... C-2

               .... C-3

             NLS_LANG.................................. C-3

               NLS_LANG........................ C-3

             -.......................... C-4

                ...................... C-4

                  ....... C-4

             ............ C-5

             NLS_LANGUAGE.............................. C-5

             NLS_TERRITORY............................. C-6

            ..................... C-7

             NLS_DATE_FORMAT........................... C-7

             NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE......................... C-8

             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS.................... C-9

             NLS_CURRENCY.............................. C-9

             NLS_ISO_CURRENCY.......................... C-10

                                                           xli


             NLS_SORT.................................. C-11

             .................................. C-11

             ........................................ C-11

                   ............. C-11

             ................................... C-12


 D:   .......................... D-1


 E:   ................... E-1
















































xlii   

